Basic principles in using this guide.
a) Each reference in the list should be a hanging indent. The bracketed number should align with the left side of the page. The citations themselves create a second column.
b) For the most part, citations for electronically available materials are extensions of the citations for printed materials and the electronic format is presented. If the item is in print, you will not need to fill in elements of the URL, DOI or site.
c) If a more complex element is not needed for your citation (series information, specific pagination) those elements are skipped and you may move to the next element of the citation
d) DOIs ( Digital Object Identifier) are preferred to URLs as they are permanent and will not change.
More information on citing journals and periodicals may be found in the IEEE Reference Guide in section K pages 12 - 15.
IEEE does not cite journals using the complete journal title, but rather a title abbreviation. For useful abbreviations see the notes on abbreviations starting on page 20. Abbreviations for Non-English titles are found starting on page 40. For appropriate abbreviations of IEEE titles, see ????
[#] A. A. Author and B. B. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” Abbreviated Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, vol. xxx, no. xxx, pp. starting page of article–ending page of article, Abbreviated Month and year published. [Online]. doi.
More information on citing books and book chapters may be found in the IEEE Reference Guide in section A pages 3-5.
IEEE uses specific abbreviations for publisher information. Please see the List of Publishers found starting on page 24
[#] A. A. Author and B.B Author, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, xth ed. City of Publication if in the US, State in US, Country: Publisher, year, [Online]. Book Provider. doi: or Available:URL
[#] A. A. Editor, Ed. Title of Book. Place: Publisher, year.[Online]. Book Provider. doi: or Available:URL
[#] A. A. Editor and B. B. Editor, Eds., Title of Book in Title Case and Italics (Title of Series volume number). Place of Publication: Publisher, year, pp. xxx–xxx.
[#] “Title of entry in sentence case,” Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics. Abbreviated accessed date. [Online]. Available: URL
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of chapter in sentence case,” in Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, B. B. Ed. Place of Publication: Publisher, year, pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. [Online]. Available: URL.
Please note that IEEE conferences and proceedings are abbreviated and often the years are part of the title.
[#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, C. C. Author, D. D. Author, and E. E. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” in Abbreviated Name of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics (location is optional), year published. [Online.] doi: or Available: URL
[12] W. Q. Wang and H. Shao. "High altitude platform SAR for wide-area and staring imaging,” Aerosp. and Electron. Syst., vol. 29, no. 25, pp. 12–17, Mar. 26, 2014.
[13] W. Kurniawan and M. H. H. Ichsan, "Teaching and learning support for computer architecture and organization courses design on computer engineering and computer science for undergraduate: A review," 2017 4th Int.Conf. on Elect.Eng., Comp.Sci. and Inform.(EECSI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2017, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/EECSI.2017.8239076.
[14] I. Katz, K. Gabayan, and H. Aghajan, multi-touch surface using multiple cameras,Conc. for Intell. Vis. Sys.: 9th Intl.Conf., 2007, pp. 133–203.
[#] A. A. Author and B. B. Author, “Title of paper in sentence case,” presented at Abbreviated Name of Conference, Location of Conference, Month and day, year.
[15] K. Kirby and J. Stratton, “Van Allen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring earth’s radiation belts,” presented at the IEEE Aerosp.Conf., Big Sky, MT, USA, Mar. 2, 2013.
[#] A. A. Author, "Title of slides in sentence case," presented to Class, Institution, City, State, Country, Abbrev. Month Day, Year. [Powerpoint slides]. Available: URL, Accessed on: Month Day, Year.
[16] J. Smith, "Power and Circuits," presented to ELEG 2805, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA, Dec. 25, 2018 [Powerpoint slides]. Accessed on: Jan. 1, 2019.
[#] A.A. Author, Class Lecture, Topic: "Lecture Title." Course Number/Section, College, University, Location, Abbrev. Month Day, Year.
[17] H. Naseem, Class Lecture, Topic: "Microelectronics" ELEG 4148/001, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Mar. 18, 2019.
[#] A. A. Author, Date created/published, "Title of Data Set in Title Case", Source, doi:xx.or Available: URL
[18] M. Ambrose, 2018," Air Infiltration Results for 129 Australian Dwellings", CSIRO, Available: https://doi.org/10.25919/5ca54346ef256.
[#] Company or A. A. Creator. Title of Software in Title Case and Italics. Data Repository or Archive. Year published. , ver. xx. Accessed : Abbreviated access data. [type of medium]. doi. Avalable: URL
[19] M. Borenstein, L. Hedges, J. Higgins, and H. Rothstein. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. 2005., ver. 2. Accessed: January 11, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.meta-analysis.com
[#] A. A. Author/ Agency Name. “Title of technical report in sentence case,” Abbrev. Name of Company, City, State, Country, Rep. xxxxxxx, Date. Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: URL
[20] F. A. Shen, “Flexible rotor dynamics analysis,” Rockwell International Corp., Canoga Park, CA, 19730022708, Sep. 1973 [Online]. Available: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730022708
[21] J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration program for the 16-foot antenna,” Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ. Texas,
Austin, Tech. Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.
[22] National Toxicology Program, “Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies),” Washington, DC, USA, Rep. TR-576, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580?/listedreports/tr576/index.html
[#] Title of Standard in Title Case and Italics, Standard Number, date. [Online]. doi: or Available: URL
[23] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5, 1968. [Online]. Available: http://standards.globalspec.com/std/1713423/asme-ansi-y10-5
[#] A. A. Rightsholder, “Title of patent in sentence case,” U.S. Patent xxxxxxx, Abbreviated Month and day of issuance, year of issuance. [Online]. doi: or Available: URL
[24] A. G. Bell, “Improvement in telegraphy,” U.S. Patent 174465, Mar. 7, 1876. [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/patents/US174465
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year. [Online]. Available:URL.
[25] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993.
[26] D. Schwartz, “Development of a computationally efficient full human body finite element model,” M.S. thesis, Virginia Tech – Wake Forest Univ. School of Biomed. Eng. Sci., Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/57119/Schwartz_wfu_0248M_10697.pdf
[#] A. A. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year. [Online]. Available: URL.
[27] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993.
[28] F. Jensen, “Electromagnetic near-field far-field correlations,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Tech. Univ. Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1970. [Online]. Available: www.tud.ed/jensen/diss
[#] A. A. Author, “Title, section, or page name in sentence case,” Name of Website in Title Case, full date of publication or modification. [Online]. Available: URL
[29] R. Roth, “75 years ago, the Doolittle Raid changed history,” CNN, April 18, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html
[30] Department of Defense, “About the Department of Defense (DoD).” Accessed April 18, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.defense.gov/About/