The Publication Manual 7th edition has changes in paper formatting, writing in an inclusive manner and using bias-free language, and formatting tables and figures.
Here are some noteworthy changes to citation formats:
Read more details about these changes:
APA style stipulates that authors use brief references in the text of a work with full bibliographic details supplied in a Reference List.
In text, the reference is very brief and usually consists simply of the author's last name and a date. The APA Publication Manual gives detailed instructions for references in text in chapter 8.
What is included in a reference in text depends on many variables, including the wording of your sentence, the number of works by the same author in your full Reference List, and the nature of the source being cited.
Examples of references in text:
...In her Guide to Immaculate Academic Style, Lucy Librarian stresses the importance of proper citations (2005, p.113).
...Many experts stress the use of scholarly attribution in academic writing (Librarian, 2005).
...Librarian has observed in one work that some citation guidelines are suggestive rather than prescriptive (2005a) while claiming the opposite in another (2005b).
What is most important is that your references in text are consistent and give your reader a clear idea of the source being cited.
Beginning with the 6th edition of the Publication Manual, retrieval date is no longer necessary for most fixed forms of publication that will not be routinely updated.
Retrieval date should still be included for online encyclopedia entries, web pages, or other continuously updated resources.
Beginning with the 7th edition, the Publication Manual specifies that DOIs or URLS should be given as links (beginning with http).
Example: https://doi.org/10.1108/01604951111105014
DOIs (digital object identifiers) are unique alphanumeric codes assigned to each unique article, chapter, book, or other publication by publishers who cooperate in using the DOI standard. Read more about DOIs...
While many publishers routinely include DOIs in their citations, you may have a reference in hand that lacks a DOI or URL. If you would like to locate a DOI for an article you are citing, you can use the DOI lookup tool at the Crossref.org site.
A concluding period should not follow the DOI or URL if it is the last element in the citation.
If no DOI or URL is available for an electronic publication, the APA recommends that Retrieved from (database name or URL) be added to the end of the citation. If the URL is the last element of the citation, omit the concluding period. If the database name is the last element, include a period following the database name.
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Journal. volume(issue) (if issue numbered), pages. doi or url as a link
Stankus, T. (2008, September). Turning meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products Into nutraceuticals through increasing their conjugated linoleic acid levels, part one: Reviewing the literature of benefits claimed for conjugated linoleic acids in human health. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 9(3), 229-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496500802286152
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Journal. volume(issue) (if issue numbered), pages.
Bass, M. A., Enochs, W. K., & DiBrezzo, R. (2002). Comparison of two exercise programs on general well-being of college students. Psychological Reports, 91(3), 1195-1201.
[Note: Popular magazines with DOIs are rare.]
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine. volume, pages. URL
Holloway, M. (2005, August). When extinct isn't. Scientific American, 293, 22-23. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-extinct-isnt/
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine,volume, pages.
Holloway, M. (2005, August). When extinct isn't. Scientific American, 293, 22-23.
[Note: Newspaper articles with DOIs are rare.]
Author Last Name, Author First Name or initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p. (single page) pp. (multiple pages). URL
Gorman, J. (2005, April 29). Deep in the swamp, an 'extinct' woodpecker lives. New York Times, p. A18. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/29/science/in-the-swamp-an-extinct-woodpecker-lives.html
Author Last Name, Author First Name or initials. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p. (single page) OR pp. (multiple pages).
Gorman, J. (2005, April 29). Deep in the swamp, an 'extinct' woodpecker lives. New York Times, p. A18.
Reviewer Last Name, Reviewer First Initial. Reviewer Second Initial. (Publication year). Title of Review (if separately titled). [If needed - add - Review of the book/motion picture/play Title of Work being reviewed]. Journal or Magazine Name, volume, pages. DOI or URL
Heinze, J. (1996). The ants revisited. [Review of Social Evolution in Ants.] Nature 380: 682. https://doi.org/10.1038/380682a0
Reviewer Last Name, Reviewer First Initial. Reviewer Second Initial. (Publication year). Title of Review (if separately titled). [Review of the book/motion picture/play Title of work being reviewed]. Journal or Magazine Name, volume, pages.
Horowitz, M. and J. Krebs. (2005) [Review of the motion picture Crash]. Sound & Vision, 70(9), 106.
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher. DOI or URL
West, E. (2014). Essential West: Collected Essays. University of Oklahoma Press. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uark-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3571280
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher. DOI or URL
Rhoads, Robert A. & Howard, J.P.F. (1998) Academic service learning : a pedagogy of action and reflection. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.7300
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher.
Cochran, R. (1996). Our own sweet sounds: A celebration of popular music in Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press.
First Author last name, First Author First Initial., First Author Second Initial. & Second Last Name, Second Author First Initial. Second Author Second Initial.(Eds.). (Publication Year). Title of book. Publisher.
Donovan, T., Gatewood, W., & Whayne, J. (Eds.). (1995). The governors of Arkansas. (2nd ed.). University of Arkansas Press.
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of chapter. In Editor First Initial. Editor Second Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pages of chapter). DOI or URL
Gonzales, K.P., Jovel, J.E., & Stoner, C. (2004) Latinas: The new Latino majority in college. In Anna Ortiz (Ed.), Addressing the unique needs of Latino American students (pp. 17-27). https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.113
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of chapter. In Editor First Initial. Editor Second Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Publisher.
West, E. (1997) The Exhausted west: a last look at landscape. In J.P. Rhonda (Ed.), Thomas Jefferson and the changing West: from conquest to conservation (pp. 240-64). University of New Mexico Press.
Author Last Name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (if there is no author move entry title to first position) (Publication year). Title of article or entry. In Work title. Retrieved Month day, year from (database name or URL).
Ivory-billed woodpecker. (2006). In Encyclopædia britannica online. Retrieved May 19, 2010 from https://search.eb.com/
Author Last Name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (if there is no author move entry title to first position) (Publication year). Title of article or entry. In Work title. (Vol. number, pp. pages). Publisher.
"Ivory-billed woodpecker." (2002). In The new encyclopædia britannica. (Vol. 5, p. ). 15th ed. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of the paper. In Editor First Initial. Editor Second Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Title of Conference Proceedings (pp. pages). DOI or URL
Chongqang, W. Daneshmand, M. (2008). On object identification reliability using RFID. In Third International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, 2008. ChinaCom 2008. (pp. 768 - 773). https://doi.org/10.1109/CHINACOM.2008.4685137
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of the paper. In Editor First Initial. Editor Second Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Title of Conference Proceedings (pp. pages). Publisher.
Woods, R. B. (2000). The Rhetoric of Dissent: J. William Fulbright, Vietnam, and the Crisis of International Liberalism. In M.J. Medhurst. & H.W. Brands (Eds.), Presidential rhetoric: Critical reflections on the Cold War linking rhetoric and history, 4th Annual Conference, 1988 (pp. 187-298). Texas A&M University Press.
See the Publication Manual pages 330 and following for more examples.
Country/State/Country/Municipality. Name of Issuing Agency. (Publication year). Title of document. (additional identifying information - document number, Congress number, etc.). URL
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. (2007). Renewable fuels infrastructure. (H. Rpt. 110-306, pt. 1, Y1.1/8:110-306/PT.1.). http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS85462
Country/State/Country/Municipality. Name of Issuing Agency. (Publication year). Title of document. (additional identifying information - document number, Congress number, etc.). Publisher.
United States. Executive Office of the President. (2006). The Federal response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons learned. (PREX 1.2:K 15). GPO.
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of the document (EDNumber). ERIC. URL
Salmani-Nodoushan, M. A., & Alavi, S. M. (2004). APA style and research report writing (ED490068). ERIC https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED490068
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of the document . (Report No. if available). Publisher. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED1234567).
Salmani-Nodoushan, M. A., & Alavi, S. M. (2004). APA style and research report writing Zabamladeh Publications. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED490068).
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of thesis. [Doctoral dissertation / master's thesis, Name of granting institution]. Database name.
Linn, J.A. (2003). Active or avoidant: Two methods of resisting persuasion. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of thesis. [Doctoral dissertation / master's thesis, Name of granting institution]. URL
Toudji, S. (2012). Intimate Frontiers: Indians, French, and Africans in Colonial Mississippi Valley. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville]. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/344
Author last name, Author First Initial. Author Second Initial. (Publication Year). Title of thesis. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation / Unpublished master's thesis]. University Name.
Linn, J.A. (2003). Active or avoidant: Two methods of resisting persuasion. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
Use the web page format only if your item does not fit within other publication categories.
Use Retrieved date only when the website is dynamic and designed to change over time.
Use n.d. (for no date) if no date is found on the page.
Page Author Last Name, Page Author First Initial. Page Author Second Initial. (Publication Date in format yyyy, Month day if available). Page title. Website name. URL
Vogel, M. B. (2008, May 9). The Petit Jean Painted Rock Art Style . Rock art in Arkansas. http://archeology.uark.edu/rockart/index.html?pageName=The%20Petit%20Jean%20Painted%20Rock%20Art%20Style